📖 Jargon Buster

404 Error Internet Basics A message shown when the webpage you are looking for cannot be found — it may have moved or been deleted. Like arriving at an address and finding the building no longer exists. Aadhaar Security & Privacy India's 12-digit digital identity number used to verify identity for many online and in-person services. Like a widely accepted ID card number that helps confirm you are really you. Accelerometer Devices & Hardware A sensor that measures movement and acceleration, used for step counting, screen rotation, and motion-based games. Like a built-in motion detector that notices when you move, shake, or drop the phone. Access Log Security & Privacy A record of who accessed a system, what they did, and when. Like a sign-in register at a building reception that tracks all visitors. Account Recovery Security & Privacy The process of regaining access to an account when you have forgotten your password or lost your device. Like calling a locksmith when you are locked out — they verify who you are before letting you in. Account Takeover Security & Privacy When a criminal gains unauthorised access to your account and takes control of it. Like a burglar changing the locks of your home so you cannot get back in. Action Button Devices & Hardware A customisable physical button on newer iPhones that can be set to perform a chosen function with one press. Like a programmable shortcut key on a remote control. Ad Blocker Internet Basics Software that hides online advertisements. Like closing unwanted flyers before reading them. Aeroplane Mode Devices & Hardware A setting that disables all wireless connections — calls, data, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth — while keeping the device on. Like switching off all the radios in a car while keeping the lights on. AI Bias AI & New Tech When an AI system produces unfair or discriminatory results due to biased patterns in its training data. Like a compass that always points slightly off north because it was calibrated incorrectly. AI Content Moderation AI & New Tech Using AI to automatically detect and remove harmful or policy-violating content on platforms. Like an automated quality inspector on a factory line, flagging defective items. AI Hallucination AI & New Tech When an AI confidently produces false or fabricated information that seems plausible. Like a student who guesses an answer confidently but is completely wrong. AI Regulation AI & New Tech Laws and guidelines governing how artificial intelligence systems are developed and used. Like road rules for AI — setting boundaries to ensure it is used safely and fairly. Air Gap Security & Privacy A security measure where a computer or network is completely isolated from the internet and other networks. Like a secure room with no doors or windows — completely cut off from the outside. Air Miles / Points Miles Payments & Shopping Reward points earned from spending on credit cards or flying that can be redeemed for flight upgrades or free tickets. Like collecting tokens that can be exchanged for travel rewards. Algorithm (Social Media) Social Media The set of rules a platform uses to decide what content to show you based on your past behaviour. Like a librarian who notices what books you enjoy and keeps suggesting similar ones. Ambient Computing AI & New Tech Technology embedded so seamlessly into the environment that it works without conscious interaction. Like electricity — always present and available without you thinking about it. Ambient Light Sensor Devices & Hardware A sensor in your phone that detects the brightness of your surroundings and adjusts screen brightness automatically. Like automatic sunglasses that get darker in bright light. Anonymous Browsing Security & Privacy Using the internet in a way that hides your identity and personal information. Like wearing a mask in public — people can see you but not who you are. Antivirus Software Security & Privacy A program that helps detect and remove harmful software. Like a security guard protecting your home. API (Application Programming Interface) Internet Basics A set of rules that allows different software applications to communicate and share data with each other. Like a waiter in a restaurant — you tell them your order, they relay it to the kitchen, and bring back what you asked for. APK File Apps & Software The file format used to install Android apps — short for Android Package Kit. Like a sealed box containing everything needed to set up a new piece of furniture. App Apps & Software A software program designed to help you do a specific task, such as messaging, shopping, or banking. Like a tool in your toolbox — each one has a different job. App Permissions Apps & Software The access rights an app requests to features on your device, like the camera or location. Like giving a new employee keys only to the rooms they need to access. App Store Review Apps & Software Ratings and comments left by users who have downloaded an app, helping others decide if it is good or safe. Like reading customer reviews before buying a product online. Artificial Intelligence (AI) AI & New Tech Technology that allows computers to perform tasks that usually require human thinking. Like having a very fast assistant available anytime. Attachment Communication A file sent together with an email or message. Like putting a document inside an envelope. Augmented Reality (AR) AI & New Tech Technology that overlays digital information or images onto your real-world view through a phone screen or special glasses. Like seeing the real world through a window that has extra labels and information projected onto it. Authenticator App Security & Privacy An app that generates time-limited codes used as a second factor for logging in, instead of receiving an SMS. Like a physical security token that shows a changing number only you can see. Auto Logout Security & Privacy A security feature that signs you out of an account after a period of inactivity. Like an office door that locks itself automatically after no one uses it for a while. Auto-Update Apps & Software A setting that allows your phone or computer to install updates automatically without you having to do it manually. Like a subscription service that delivers improvements to your door without you having to order them. Autofill Internet Basics A browser feature that automatically fills in your name, address, or other details in online forms. Like having a secretary who fills in paperwork for you using information you gave before. Automation AI & New Tech Using technology to perform tasks with minimal human involvement. Like a washing machine handling laundry without you scrubbing clothes by hand. Autonomous Vehicle AI & New Tech A vehicle capable of navigating and operating without human input, using sensors and AI. Like a self-driving taxi that decides its own route and speed. Bandwidth Internet Basics The amount of data that can travel through your internet connection at one time. Like the width of a water pipe — wider means more water flows at once. Bank Transfer Payments & Shopping Moving money from one bank account to another electronically. Like handing cash to someone, but through the banking system instead. Battery Devices & Hardware The power source for a mobile device. Like the fuel tank of a car. BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) Communication Sending a copy of an email to someone without the other recipients knowing. Like whispering the same message to someone privately while speaking to a group. Beta Version Apps & Software An early release of an app or software that is still being tested and may have bugs. Like a restaurant's soft opening — the food is served but the kitchen is still being refined. Biometrics Security & Privacy Using unique physical characteristics — like your fingerprint, face, or iris — to verify your identity. Like a lock that only opens for your specific fingerprint, impossible to copy. BIOS Devices & Hardware The first programme that runs when a computer starts, before the operating system loads. Like the ignition system of a car — it starts everything else. Block Social Media Preventing a specific person from seeing your content, messaging you, or viewing your profile. Like putting up a wall between you and one specific person. Blockchain AI & New Tech A shared digital record that stores data in linked blocks, making it very difficult to alter or tamper with. Like a public ledger written in permanent ink that thousands of people hold copies of — changing one copy does not change the others. Blue Team Security & Privacy The defensive security team that protects an organisation's systems from attacks. Like the security guards who defend the building against the red team's simulated attack. Bluetooth Devices & Hardware A wireless way for devices to communicate nearby. Like two people talking quietly across a room. Bookmark Internet Basics A saved link to a webpage. Like placing a bookmark in a book. Boot Time Devices & Hardware The time it takes for a device to start up from being fully switched off. Like the time it takes a car to warm up and be ready to drive. Breakout Room Communication A smaller virtual meeting room created within a larger online conference where smaller groups can have private discussions. Like dividing a conference into small discussion groups in separate side rooms. Broadband Internet Basics A fast, always-on internet connection delivered through cable, fibre, or telephone lines. Like having a wide motorway instead of a narrow road for your internet. Browser Internet Basics A program you use to visit websites on the internet, such as Chrome, Safari, or Edge. Like a car that takes you to different places on the internet. Browser Extension Internet Basics A small add-on program that adds new features to your web browser. Like fitting a new attachment to a kitchen appliance to do something extra. Browser History Internet Basics A list of websites your browser has recorded that you have visited. Like a diary of every place you have been on the internet. Browser Homepage Internet Basics The webpage that automatically loads when you open your browser. Like the front door of your internet experience — you can change it to any page you like. Browser Tab Internet Basics A separate page opened inside your browser. Like having several books open on your desk at once. Brute Force Attack Security & Privacy A hacking method where a computer tries thousands of password combinations rapidly until it finds the right one. Like trying every possible combination on a padlock until it opens. Buffering Internet Basics When a video or audio stream pauses to download more content before it can continue playing. Like a delivery van stopping to reload before continuing its route. Bug Apps & Software An error or flaw in software that causes it to behave unexpectedly or incorrectly. Like a typo in a recipe that causes a dish to come out wrong. Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) Payments & Shopping A payment option allowing you to receive goods immediately but pay in instalments over time. Like a layaway plan in reverse — you get the item first and pay gradually. Cache Internet Basics Temporary files stored to help websites load faster. Like keeping frequently used items within easy reach. Call Forwarding Communication Redirecting incoming calls from one number to another automatically. Like setting your office phone to route calls to your mobile when you step out. Caller ID Communication A feature that displays the name or number of someone calling you before you answer. Like seeing a name through a window before opening the front door. CAPTCHA Internet Basics A test on a website to check you are a human and not an automated programme, such as identifying objects in photos. Like a doorman asking a question only a human could answer before letting you in. Caption Social Media Text written below a photo or video on social media to describe or add context to it. Like the label beneath an exhibit in a museum. Cashback Payments & Shopping A reward where a percentage of what you spend is returned to you as cash or credit. Like getting a small rebate at the end of a purchase. CC (Carbon Copy) Communication Sending a copy of an email to additional recipients who are not the main audience but should be kept informed. Like sending the same letter to multiple people at the same time. CDN (Content Delivery Network) Internet Basics A network of servers around the world that stores copies of website content to deliver it faster to users nearby. Like having warehouse branches in every city so deliveries arrive faster. Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Payments & Shopping A digital form of a country's official currency issued by its central bank. Like a digital version of physical banknotes issued by the government. Chargeback Payments & Shopping A reversal of a credit card payment initiated by the bank after a dispute with a merchant. Like asking the bank to reclaim money on your behalf after a failed transaction. Charger Devices & Hardware A device used to recharge batteries. Like filling a fuel tank at a petrol station. Chat Room Communication A digital space where multiple people can send and read text messages at the same time in real time. Like a virtual lounge where everyone arrives and talks together at once. Chatbot AI & New Tech A computer program that can have conversations with people. Like a customer service representative that never sleeps. Checkout Payments & Shopping The final stage of online shopping where you review your cart, enter payment details, and confirm the order. Like the cashier counter at a physical shop. Clear Cache Apps & Software Deleting temporary files stored by an app to free up space and fix performance issues. Like clearing the clutter from a desk so there is space to work properly again. Clickjacking Security & Privacy A technique where a hidden button or link is placed over a visible element to trick you into clicking something unintended. Like someone placing a transparent layer over a door sign that actually opens a different door. Clipboard Apps & Software A temporary storage area on your device that holds the last thing you copied. Like a sticky note you can attach somewhere else after writing. Cloud Backup Apps & Software An automatic copy of your phone's data saved to an online server so it can be restored if your device is lost or broken. Like photocopying all your important documents and keeping the copies in a bank vault. Cloud Computing AI & New Tech Using remote servers accessed over the internet to store, process, and manage data instead of a local computer. Like renting office space and equipment instead of building your own — powerful resources available on demand. Cloud Print Devices & Hardware Printing a document from your phone or computer to a printer connected to the internet, without a direct cable connection. Like sending a printing job by post — the printer is somewhere else but receives and prints your document. Cloud Storage Internet Basics Online space used to save files and photos. Like renting a storage locker on the internet. Colour Scheme Apps & Software The set of colours used consistently throughout an app or website. Like the uniform colours of a company — consistent across everything they produce. Comment Social Media A response left on online content. Like writing a note in the margin of a book. Community Guidelines Social Media The rules of behaviour set by a social media platform that all users must follow. Like the house rules posted in a community centre — everyone using the space must abide by them. Compatibility Apps & Software Whether two pieces of software or hardware work correctly together. Like checking if a new plug fits the socket before buying an appliance. Computer Vision AI & New Tech AI that enables computers to interpret and understand visual information from images and video. Like giving a computer eyes and teaching it to understand what it sees. Conference Bridge Communication A service that allows multiple callers to join the same phone call simultaneously. Like a junction box that connects many phone lines into one shared call. Contact Tracing (Digital) AI & New Tech Using digital data to identify people who may have been exposed to an infectious disease. Like following a trail of footprints to find everyone who passed through the same area. Contactless Payment Payments & Shopping Paying by tapping a card or phone. Like opening a door with a key card. Contactless Payment Limit Payments & Shopping The maximum amount you can pay by tapping a card without entering a PIN, for security reasons. Like a shop policy where you can pay with a wave up to a certain amount before needing to sign. Content Creator Social Media Someone who regularly produces and shares videos, photos, or articles online for an audience. Like a columnist who writes for a newspaper, but publishing independently to their own audience. Content Filter Security & Privacy Software that blocks access to certain websites or content types based on rules. Like parental controls on a TV that prevent certain channels from being viewed. Content Moderation Social Media The process of reviewing and removing posts that violate platform rules. Like an editor reviewing submissions before they appear in a newspaper. Cookie Internet Basics A small file that remembers your preferences on a website. Like a waiter remembering your favourite order. Cookie Consent Banner Internet Basics A notice on websites asking for your permission to store cookies on your device. Like a shopkeeper asking if they may take your name and preferences before serving you. Crash Apps & Software When an app or operating system stops working suddenly and closes itself. Like a car engine stalling unexpectedly in the middle of the road. Crash Report Apps & Software A log automatically generated when an app crashes, used by developers to find and fix the cause. Like a flight recorder — it captures what happened just before the problem occurred. Credit Card Payments & Shopping A payment card that lets you spend money up to a limit and pay it back later, sometimes with interest. Like borrowing a fixed amount from the bank each month to spend, then settling the bill. Crypto Wallet Payments & Shopping A digital tool that stores the keys needed to access and manage cryptocurrency. Like a physical wallet, but for digital currencies — it holds the proof of ownership, not the coins themselves. CVV Payments & Shopping The 3-digit security code on the back of a payment card, required for online purchases. Like a PIN for online transactions that proves you physically have the card. Cyber Attack Security & Privacy A deliberate attempt by hackers to damage, steal from, or disrupt a computer system or network. Like a physical break-in, but targeted at digital systems instead of buildings. Cyberbullying Security & Privacy Using digital technology to harass, threaten, or humiliate someone. Like bullying in the playground, but done through phones and social media instead. Dark Mode Apps & Software A display setting that changes the background of apps and screens from white to dark, reducing eye strain in dim light. Like dimming the lights in a room when it gets dark outside. Dark Pattern Internet Basics A website or app design trick that nudges users into actions they did not intend, like accidentally signing up for a subscription. Like a shop layout designed to make you walk past expensive items before reaching what you came for. Dark Web Security & Privacy A hidden part of the internet not accessible through regular browsers, often associated with illegal activity. Like a hidden back alley that most people never see or visit. Data Backup Security & Privacy A copy of important files stored safely elsewhere. Like keeping a spare key in a safe place. Data Breach Security & Privacy When personal information is exposed without permission. Like someone stealing files from a locked cabinet. Data Cap Internet Basics A limit on how much internet data you can use in a month before your speed is reduced or you are charged extra. Like a water meter that stops the flow when you use too much. Data Consent Security & Privacy Your permission given to an organisation to collect, use, or share your personal data. Like signing a form giving a doctor permission to share your records with a specialist. Data Minimisation Security & Privacy The principle of collecting only the personal data that is strictly necessary for a given purpose. Like a doctor only asking questions relevant to your current condition. DBS PayLah! Payments & Shopping DBS Bank's mobile wallet app for payments, transfers, and purchases in Singapore. Like a digital wallet designed specifically for everyday Singapore payments. Deactivate Account Social Media Temporarily disabling a social media account so it is hidden but can be restored later. Like closing a shop temporarily — the business still exists but is not open. Debit Card Payments & Shopping A payment card linked directly to your bank account that deducts money immediately when you spend. Like a keycard to your own bank account — you can only spend what is already there. Delete Account Social Media Permanently removing a social media account and all associated data. Like permanently demolishing a shop and removing all records of it. Desktop Computer Devices & Hardware A full-sized computer designed to sit on a desk, usually with a separate monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Like a full kitchen setup versus a portable camping stove — more powerful, but not portable. Device Devices & Hardware An electronic item such as a phone, tablet, or computer. Like a tool used for digital tasks. Dial-In Number Communication A phone number used to join an audio conference call. Like a shared telephone number that connects everyone to the same meeting room. DigiLocker Apps & Software An Indian government-backed digital locker where you can store and share official documents such as licences and certificates. Like a secure online filing cabinet for important papers. Digital Bank Payments & Shopping A bank that operates entirely online with no physical branches. Like a bank that lives entirely in your phone with no high street presence. Digital Divide AI & New Tech The gap between people who have access to digital technology and those who do not. Like the difference between having a library nearby and having no books at all. Digital Estate AI & New Tech Your collection of online accounts, data, and digital assets that exist after death. Like a physical estate of belongings, but for your online presence and accounts. Digital Health AI & New Tech The use of technology — apps, wearables, and data — to manage and improve personal health. Like having a personal health assistant in your phone. Digital Inclusion AI & New Tech Efforts to ensure everyone can access and benefit from digital technology regardless of age, income, or ability. Like building ramps alongside stairs — making access possible for everyone. Digital Literacy AI & New Tech The ability to use digital technology effectively, safely, and critically. Like reading and writing but for the digital world. Digital Nomad AI & New Tech A person who works remotely using technology and travels freely rather than being tied to one location. Like a tradesperson who carries all their tools and works wherever they travel. Digital Receipt Payments & Shopping An electronic version of a purchase receipt. Like a paper receipt stored on your phone. Digital Signature Security & Privacy An encrypted signature used to verify the authenticity and integrity of a digital document or message. Like a wax seal on a letter — it proves who sent it and that it has not been tampered with. Digital Token AI & New Tech A unit of value stored on a blockchain, which can represent currency, ownership, or access rights. Like a digital voucher or ticket that proves you own or are entitled to something. Digital Twin AI & New Tech A virtual model of a physical object or system that mirrors its real-world counterpart in real time. Like a life-sized simulation of a building that updates whenever the real building changes. Digital Wallet Payments & Shopping An app that stores payment cards digitally. Like carrying your wallet inside your phone. Direct Message (DM) Communication A private message sent to someone online. Like passing a note directly to a friend. Disinformation Social Media False information spread deliberately to deceive or mislead people. Like a planted story designed to confuse people and make them believe something untrue. DNS (Domain Name System) Internet Basics A system that converts website names like google.com into the numerical addresses computers use to find websites. Like a phone book that translates names into phone numbers. Do Not Disturb Mode Devices & Hardware A phone setting that silences calls, notifications, and alerts during a set time. Like hanging a "Do Not Disturb" sign on your door to prevent interruptions. Docking Station Devices & Hardware A device that connects a laptop to multiple accessories like monitors, keyboards, and network cables through a single connection. Like a harbour where a ship plugs in to connect to the whole port at once. Document Scanner Devices & Hardware A device or app that digitises physical documents into digital image or PDF files. Like a photocopier that saves the copy to your phone instead of printing it. Domain Name Internet Basics The name of a website. Like a shop's signboard. Download Internet Basics Copying a file from the internet onto your device. Like bringing groceries home from the supermarket. Doxxing Security & Privacy Publicly revealing someone's private personal information online without their consent. Like posting someone's home address and phone number on a public notice board. Drone AI & New Tech An unmanned aircraft controlled remotely or autonomously, used for photography, delivery, and surveillance. Like a remote-controlled aeroplane that can carry out tasks without a pilot on board. Dual SIM Devices & Hardware A phone with two SIM card slots, allowing you to use two phone numbers or networks simultaneously. Like having two doorbells on one house — people can reach you two different ways. DuitNow Payments & Shopping Malaysia's instant transfer and payment system that lets you send money using details like a phone number, ID number, or QR code. Like sending money straight to someone using an easy shortcut instead of full bank details. E-Book Apps & Software A digital version of a book. Like carrying a library in your device. E-commerce Payments & Shopping Buying and selling products online. Like a shopping mall on the internet. E-Wallet Payments & Shopping A digital application that stores payment methods and allows quick payments using a phone. Like carrying your wallet inside your phone. Echo Chamber Social Media An online environment where you mostly see opinions and information that match your own, reinforcing existing beliefs. Like a room where everyone agrees with each other and no different voices are heard. Edge Computing AI & New Tech Processing data near where it is generated — on the device or nearby server — instead of sending it to a distant cloud. Like having a local branch office handle routine decisions instead of sending everything to headquarters. Email Address Communication A unique address used to send and receive emails. Like your postal mailing address. Email Alias Communication An alternative email address that forwards messages to your main inbox. Like a second letterbox that delivers all mail to the same slot inside. Email Newsletter Internet Basics A regularly sent email containing articles, updates, or announcements from a website or organisation. Like a digital magazine delivered to your inbox on a schedule. Email Signature Communication A block of text automatically added to the end of your emails with your name, title, and contact details. Like a business card included at the bottom of every letter you send. Email Thread Communication A chain of email replies grouped together so you can follow the conversation in order. Like a series of notes passed in class, kept together so you can read the whole conversation. Emoji Social Media A small picture used to express feelings or ideas. Like facial expressions in a conversation. Emoji Reaction Communication A small emoji response you can add to a message without sending a full reply, like a thumbs-up or heart. Like nodding or clapping in response to something someone said, without speaking. Encrypted Call Communication A phone or video call where the audio is scrambled so only the participants can hear it. Like speaking through a secure private line that no one else can listen to. Encryption Security & Privacy A way of scrambling information so others cannot read it. Like putting a message into a locked box. End-to-End Encryption Security & Privacy Encryption that protects messages so only the sender and recipient can read them — not even the app provider. Like a locked box only you and the recipient have keys to — the delivery company cannot open it. Engagement (Social Media) Social Media Interactions with a post — likes, comments, shares, and saves combined — measuring how much people responded. Like counting the applause, cheers, and questions after a speech. Escrow Payments & Shopping A neutral third party that holds payment until both buyer and seller fulfil the terms of a transaction. Like a trusted middleman who holds the money until everyone is happy. eSIM Devices & Hardware A built-in digital SIM that lets you switch mobile providers without inserting a physical card. Like having a digital key card that can be updated instead of a physical door key. Ethernet Internet Basics A wired connection between a device and a router using a cable, usually faster and more stable than Wi-Fi. Like using a physical telephone landline instead of a mobile signal. Explore / Discover Page Social Media A section of a social media app that shows popular or recommended content from accounts you don't follow. Like a featured display in a bookshop showing popular titles you might not have found otherwise. Face ID Security & Privacy Apple's facial recognition technology used to unlock iPhones and authorise payments. Like a lock that only opens when it confirms your face is the authorised one. Facial Recognition Security & Privacy Technology that identifies you using your face. Like a security guard who recognizes regular visitors. Factory Default Settings Apps & Software The original settings a device came with when it was made, before any personalisation. Like returning a rental car exactly as you received it — no personal adjustments left behind. Fast Charging Devices & Hardware A technology that charges a phone battery significantly faster than standard charging. Like filling a car at a premium high-flow pump instead of a standard one. FASTag Payments & Shopping An electronic toll payment tag used in India that lets toll charges be taken automatically when a vehicle passes through a toll plaza. Like a prepaid gate pass that lets you drive through without stopping to pay cash. Favicon Internet Basics The tiny icon shown in your browser tab or bookmarks bar next to a website's name. Like the logo on a shop sign — small but instantly recognisable. Feed Social Media A list of updates and posts shown in an app. Like the morning newspaper delivered to you. Fibre Optic Internet Basics A type of internet connection that uses thin glass cables to send data as pulses of light — very fast and reliable. Like sending messages at the speed of light instead of by post. File Apps & Software A digital document, photo, video, or other piece of information. Like a folder in a filing cabinet. File Sharing Communication Sending documents, photos, or other files to another person through a messaging or email platform. Like posting a copy of a document to someone rather than describing it. Fine-Tuning (AI) AI & New Tech Further training an existing AI model on a specific dataset to make it better at a particular task. Like a general-trained doctor who takes a specialisation course to become an expert in one area. Fingerprint Login Security & Privacy Using your fingerprint to unlock a device or app instead of typing a password. Like a door that recognises your fingerprint and opens only for you. Firewall Security & Privacy A security system that blocks dangerous internet traffic. Like a security gate at a building entrance. Firmware Apps & Software Software permanently stored inside a hardware device that controls how it works at a basic level. Like the built-in instructions a microwave uses — it runs before anything else. Flash Sale Payments & Shopping A very short, time-limited sale offering significant discounts. Like a one-day market with special low prices — you have to be there in time. Folder Apps & Software A place used to organize files. Like a drawer in a cabinet. Follow Social Media To receive updates from someone online. Like subscribing to a favourite magazine. Font Size Apps & Software The size of text as displayed on screen, measured in points or pixels. Like choosing large-print or standard text in a book. Force Close Apps & Software Manually stopping an app that is frozen or unresponsive. Like turning off a stuck appliance at the switch rather than waiting for it to respond. Foreign Transaction Fee Payments & Shopping A charge added by some banks when you make a payment in a foreign currency. Like a currency exchange commission charged for converting money. Free Returns Payments & Shopping A policy allowing you to send back an item at no cost if you are not satisfied. Like a try-before-you-buy arrangement where the shop pays postage both ways. Freemium Apps & Software A business model where the basic app is free but advanced features require payment. Like a free bus ride to a destination but paying for a more comfortable seat. Friend Request Social Media An invitation to connect on social media. Like introducing yourself to a new neighbour. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Internet Basics A method of transferring files between computers over the internet. Like a postal system specifically designed for sending digital files. GDPR Security & Privacy A European data protection law giving people rights over their personal data, affecting companies worldwide. Like consumer protection laws for your personal information. Generative AI AI & New Tech AI that can create new content — text, images, music, or video — based on patterns learned from training data. Like an artist who has studied thousands of paintings and can now create original works in any style. GPS Devices & Hardware A system that helps determine your location. Like a digital map guide. GrabPay Payments & Shopping Grab's digital wallet for paying in the Grab ecosystem and at participating merchants. Like a loyalty card and payment card combined, designed for Grab users. Group Chat Communication A messaging conversation with three or more participants where everyone can see and reply to all messages. Like a group conversation around a table where everyone can hear and speak. Gyroscope Devices & Hardware A sensor in your phone that detects orientation and rotation, used for screen rotation, gaming, and navigation. Like a compass for movement — it always knows which way your phone is pointing and tilting. Hamburger Menu Apps & Software The three horizontal lines icon on an app or website that opens a navigation menu when tapped. Like a door handle — pressing it opens access to all the rooms inside. Haptic Feedback Devices & Hardware The vibration or physical response your device gives when you tap the screen or press a button, confirming the action. Like the click of a physical button, simulated digitally. Hard Drive Devices & Hardware The component inside a computer that stores all your files, programmes, and the operating system permanently. Like a large filing cabinet that keeps everything even when the power is off. Hardware Security Key Security & Privacy A physical device plugged into your computer or tapped to your phone to verify your identity during login. Like a physical key needed alongside a PIN to open a security door. Hashtag Social Media A word or phrase starting with # used to organize content. Like a label on a storage box. HD Webcam Devices & Hardware A high-definition camera designed for video calls and recording, producing a clearer, sharper image than a standard webcam. Like upgrading from a blurry old photograph to a sharp modern one. HDMI Cable Devices & Hardware A cable used to connect a computer, streaming stick, or games console to a TV or monitor to display the image and play sound. Like a single pipe carrying both picture and sound from your device to your screen. Health Wearable Devices & Hardware A device worn on the body that continuously monitors health metrics like heart rate, sleep, and activity. Like a doctor's instruments you wear all day that report automatically. Home Screen Devices & Hardware The main screen you see when you unlock your device. Like the front page of a newspaper. Homepage Internet Basics The main page of a website. Like the front entrance of a building. Honeypot Security & Privacy A decoy system set up to attract and detect hackers while keeping them away from real data. Like a fake safe left visible to lure a thief while the real valuables are hidden. Hotspot Internet Basics A feature that lets a device share its internet connection. Like turning your phone into a portable Wi-Fi station. HTTPS Internet Basics A secure version of the web protocol that encrypts data between your browser and a website. Like sending a letter in a sealed, tamper-proof envelope instead of a postcard. HTTPS Padlock Security & Privacy The padlock icon shown in your browser's address bar confirming your connection to a website is encrypted. Like a seal on an envelope showing it has not been opened in transit. Hyperlink Internet Basics Clickable text or an image that takes you to another webpage or resource. Like a signpost that, when touched, instantly transports you to another place. Identity Theft Security & Privacy When someone uses your personal information — like your NRIC or bank details — to commit fraud in your name. Like someone stealing your physical identity documents and impersonating you. Impressions Social Media The number of times a piece of content was displayed on someone's screen, whether or not they engaged with it. Like counting how many people walked past a billboard, regardless of whether they stopped to read it. In-App Message Communication A notification or message that appears inside an app while you are using it. Like a waiter tapping your shoulder while you're seated to let you know about a special. In-App Purchase Apps & Software Buying extra features, content, or premium access within a free app. Like entering a free exhibition but paying to see special exhibits inside. Inbox Communication The place where incoming emails are stored. Like the letterbox outside your home. Inbox Zero Communication A personal productivity approach where you aim to keep your email inbox completely empty. Like clearing your physical in-tray every day so it never piles up. Incident Response Security & Privacy The steps taken by an organisation to manage and recover from a security breach. Like the emergency procedures a hospital follows when dealing with a crisis. Incognito Mode Internet Basics A private browsing mode where your browser does not save your history, cookies, or form data after you close the window. Like browsing with an invisibility cloak — your device forgets where you went, but websites and your internet provider can still see you. Inductive Charging Devices & Hardware Charging a device using an electromagnetic field rather than a physical cable. Like warming food in a microwave — energy is transferred without direct contact. Infinite Scroll Internet Basics A design where new content loads automatically as you scroll down, with no page break. Like a conveyor belt of content — it keeps coming as long as you keep scrolling. Influencer Social Media A person with a large social media following whose opinions and recommendations affect others' choices. Like a trusted celebrity endorsement, but in the digital world. Install Apps & Software Adding software to your device. Like putting a new appliance in your home. Instalment Payment Payments & Shopping Splitting the cost of a purchase into smaller payments spread over several months. Like paying for a sofa in three smaller amounts over three months instead of one large sum. Internet Internet Basics A worldwide network connecting computers and devices. Like a giant global highway system. Intrusion Detection System Security & Privacy Software that monitors a network for suspicious activity and alerts administrators. Like a security guard watching CCTV footage for unusual movement. Invoice Payments & Shopping A formal document from a seller requesting payment for goods or services. Like a bill presented after receiving a service or product. IP Address Internet Basics A unique number assigned to every device on a network so data can be sent to the right place. Like the home address for your device on the internet. IP Spoofing Security & Privacy Disguising the source of internet traffic by falsifying an IP address to make it appear to come from a different location. Like sending a letter with a fake return address. ISP (Internet Service Provider) Internet Basics The company that provides your internet connection — for example, Singtel, StarHub, or M1 in Singapore. Like the company that supplies water to your home, but for internet. Keyboard Devices & Hardware An input device with physical or virtual keys used to type text and give commands. Like a typewriter that sends your keystrokes to the computer. Keylogger Security & Privacy Software that secretly records every key you press on a keyboard, potentially capturing passwords and messages. Like a hidden camera watching you enter your PIN at an ATM. Landing Page Internet Basics The first page you see when you click a link, often designed to get you to do one specific thing. Like the entrance hall of a building that directs you where to go next. Laptop Devices & Hardware A portable computer with a built-in screen, keyboard, and trackpad that runs on a battery. Like a desktop computer folded into a portable package. Large Language Model (LLM) AI & New Tech An AI system trained on vast amounts of text that can generate, summarise, and answer questions in natural language. Like an extremely well-read assistant who has read millions of books and can discuss almost any topic. Latency Internet Basics The delay between sending a request on the internet and receiving a response. Like the gap between asking a question and getting an answer. Launcher (Android) Apps & Software The app that controls the appearance and organisation of your Android home screen. Like the interior designer of your phone's front page. Lazy Loading Internet Basics A technique where images and content only load when you scroll down to them, speeding up initial page load. Like a waiter who only brings the next course when you are ready for it. LCD Display Devices & Hardware A screen technology that uses a backlight behind liquid crystals to produce images. Like a slide projector shining through coloured glass panels. Legacy Software Apps & Software Old software that is still in use even though newer versions exist, often because switching is complicated. Like still using a reliable old fax machine in an office because the system was built around it. LiDAR AI & New Tech A sensor technology that uses laser pulses to map the environment in three dimensions. Like sonar for land — sending out light pulses and measuring how long they take to bounce back. Like Social Media A button you tap to show you enjoyed or agree with a post, usually shown as a thumbs-up or heart. Like nodding in agreement or giving a thumbs-up when someone says something you agree with. Link Internet Basics A clickable item that takes you to another webpage. Like a signpost showing where to go next. Live Chat Communication Real-time text-based customer support available on a website. Like walking up to a service counter, but online. Live Streaming Social Media Broadcasting video to an audience in real time over the internet. Like a live TV broadcast, but anyone with a phone can do it. Live Wallpaper Apps & Software An animated background image on your phone or computer home screen. Like replacing a framed photograph with a small fish tank — more dynamic but uses more energy. Liveness Detection Security & Privacy A security feature that checks whether a face scan is from a real person rather than a photograph. Like a bouncer who looks for movement to confirm you are real, not a photo. Loading Internet Basics When your device is retrieving and preparing content from the internet to display on screen. Like waiting for a letter to arrive before you can read it. Loading Spinner Internet Basics The spinning circle or animation that appears while a page or app is loading. Like the old egg-timer symbol — it means your computer is working. Login Security & Privacy The process of accessing your account. Like unlocking your front door. Loyalty Points Payments & Shopping Points earned by making purchases that can be redeemed for discounts or free items. Like collecting stamps on a loyalty card — fill it up and get something free. Machine Learning AI & New Tech A type of AI where computers learn from data and improve at tasks without being explicitly programmed for each one. Like a child who learns to recognise dogs not by memorising a rule, but by seeing thousands of examples. Malware Security & Privacy Harmful software that can damage your device or steal information. Like a burglar sneaking into your house without permission. Meeting Link Communication A URL that takes you directly into a video or audio conference when you click or tap it. Like a door with a unique address — click it and you enter the meeting. Memory Devices & Hardware Temporary space used by a device while working. Like a desk where you keep current paperwork. Mention (@) Social Media Tagging someone in a post or comment using the @ symbol so they receive a notification. Like calling someone's name in a crowded room to get their attention. Merchant Payments & Shopping A business that sells goods or services and accepts payments. Like any shop or vendor — the seller in a transaction. Metaverse AI & New Tech A concept of a persistent, shared virtual world where people can interact, work, and play as digital avatars. Like a virtual city you can visit from home using a headset or computer. Micro-USB Devices & Hardware An older, smaller USB connector used for charging and data transfer on many Android devices before USB-C became standard. Like an older key type that still works but is being phased out for a newer design. Microphone Devices & Hardware A device that captures your voice. Like a megaphone in reverse. Mirror Site Internet Basics An exact copy of a website hosted on a different server to provide faster access or backup availability. Like a second branch of a library holding identical copies of all the books. Misinformation Social Media False or inaccurate information spread without necessarily intending to deceive. Like a rumour that spreads through a community even though no one originally intended to cause harm. Mobile Data Internet Basics Internet access provided by your mobile phone network. Like carrying the internet in your pocket. Modem Internet Basics A device that connects your home to your internet service provider, converting the incoming signal into a format your devices can use. Like a translator between the internet provider's language and your home network's language. Money Mule Security & Privacy A person who transfers illegally obtained money on behalf of criminals, often unknowingly. Like being tricked into carrying a stranger's parcel through customs — the contents are the criminal's problem, but you are the one caught. Monitor Devices & Hardware The screen that displays output from a computer. Like the window through which you see your computer's world. Mouse Devices & Hardware A handheld device moved on a flat surface to control the on-screen pointer. Like a remote control for your computer cursor. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) Security & Privacy Requiring two or more proofs of identity before granting access to an account. Like a bank vault that requires both a key and a fingerprint scan. Mute Communication To silence sound or notifications. Like turning the volume knob to zero. MyJPJ Apps & Software Malaysia's transport department app for checking and showing certain driving and vehicle records digitally. Like carrying part of your driving paperwork inside an official phone app. MyKad Security & Privacy Malaysia's national identity card, often used to verify identity for both offline and digital services. Like a main identity card that many services recognise right away. Natural Language Processing (NLP) AI & New Tech AI technology that enables computers to understand, interpret, and respond to human language. Like teaching a computer to read and speak the way a person does. Navigation App Apps & Software An app that provides directions. Like having a personal tour guide. NETS Payments & Shopping Singapore's national debit payment network used at most shops, hawker centres, and government offices. Like a payment highway connecting your bank account to every participating merchant in Singapore. Network Internet Basics A group of connected devices sharing information. Like roads connecting different towns. Neural Network AI & New Tech A computing system loosely modelled on the human brain, used to recognise patterns in data. Like a web of connected decision points that work together to recognise a face or translate a sentence. NFC (Near Field Communication) Devices & Hardware A short-range wireless technology used for contactless payments and data sharing when devices are a few centimetres apart. Like a secret handshake that only works when two devices are almost touching. NFT (Non-Fungible Token) AI & New Tech A unique digital certificate stored on a blockchain proving ownership of a specific digital item. Like a certificate of authenticity for a digital artwork — the certificate is unique even if the image can be copied. Notification Communication A message that alerts you about something. Like someone tapping your shoulder for attention. Notification Badge Apps & Software The red number shown on an app icon indicating how many unread notifications are waiting. Like the number on a mailbox showing how many letters are inside. Notification Channel Communication A category of notifications from an app that can be individually turned on or off. Like having separate switches for each type of news alert from a newspaper — you can turn off sports but keep headlines. Offline Mode Apps & Software The ability to use an app or access content without an internet connection. Like reading a book you borrowed from the library — you have it with you even when not connected. Offline Page Internet Basics A page stored on your device that loads when you have no internet connection. Like a map you downloaded before a trip — it works even when there is no signal. OLED Display Devices & Hardware A screen technology where each pixel produces its own light, giving deeper blacks and more vibrant colours. Like a painting where each brushstroke glows on its own. Onboarding Apps & Software The process of guiding a new user through an app's features for the first time. Like the welcome tour given to a new employee on their first day. Online Account Security & Privacy Your personal space on a website or app. Like your own locker at school. Online Forum Communication A website where people post questions and answers on a topic, and others can reply in a thread. Like a community notice board where anyone can post a question and others pin their answers. Online Meeting Communication A meeting conducted using the internet. Like gathering in a virtual conference room. Online Payment Payments & Shopping Paying for something using the internet. Like sending money electronically. Open Banking Payments & Shopping A system allowing third-party apps to access your bank data with your permission, enabling personalised financial services. Like giving a financial advisor read-only access to your accounts so they can give better advice. Open Source Apps & Software Software whose code is freely available for anyone to view, use, modify, and distribute. Like a recipe that anyone can read, cook, and improve upon. Operating System Devices & Hardware The main software that runs your device. Like the manager of a busy office. Order Tracking Payments & Shopping Following the progress of an online purchase from dispatch to delivery. Like watching a parcel's journey on a map from the warehouse to your door. Organic Search Result Internet Basics A search engine result that appears because it is genuinely relevant, not because someone paid for it. Like a restaurant recommended because it is genuinely good, not because it paid for an advertisement. OTP (One-Time Password) Security & Privacy A temporary code sent to your phone or email that can only be used once for a single login or transaction. Like a single-use entry ticket — it lets you in once and then it expires. Out-of-Office Reply Communication An automatic email response sent to people who contact you while you are away, letting them know you are unavailable. Like putting a note on your door saying when you will be back. Overheating Devices & Hardware When a device gets too hot due to heavy use or poor ventilation, causing it to slow down or shut off for safety. Like a car engine warning light — the system protects itself by reducing speed when too hot. Page Not Found (404) Internet Basics An error page shown when the specific page you requested cannot be found on the server. Like arriving at an address only to find the building was demolished. Parental Controls Security & Privacy Features on a device or account that allow a parent to restrict what content a child can access. Like a librarian who sets aside certain sections as adult-only. Passkey Security & Privacy A modern and secure way to sign in without remembering a password. Like using your fingerprint instead of a key. Password Security & Privacy A secret word or mix of letters, numbers, and symbols that proves you are allowed to use an account. Only you should know it. Like the key to your front door — keep it safe and do not share it with strangers. Password Reuse Security & Privacy Using the same password on multiple accounts, which is dangerous because one breach compromises all of them. Like using the same key for your front door, car, and office — one theft unlocks everything. Patch Apps & Software A small software update that fixes a specific bug or security problem. Like a plaster on a small wound — it fixes one specific issue without rebuilding the whole system. Patch Management Security & Privacy The process of keeping software updated with the latest security fixes. Like regularly servicing a car to fix known problems before they cause a breakdown. Payment Gateway Payments & Shopping The technology that securely processes card payments between a buyer and a seller. Like the cash register and bank connection rolled into one for online shops. PayNow Payments & Shopping Singapore's instant peer-to-peer fund transfer system linked to your mobile number or NRIC. Like sending cash instantly using just someone's phone number. PDF Apps & Software A file format that looks the same on different devices. Like a printed document preserved digitally. PDPA (Singapore) Security & Privacy Singapore's Personal Data Protection Act, which requires organisations to protect the personal data they collect. Like food safety laws, but for your personal information. Peer-to-Peer Payment Payments & Shopping Sending money directly between two people using a mobile app, without going through a traditional bank process. Like handing cash directly to a friend, but done digitally. Penetration Testing Security & Privacy Deliberately attempting to hack a system with permission to find security weaknesses before real attackers do. Like hiring a locksmith to try to break into your own home to find weak points. Persistent Cookie Internet Basics A cookie that stays on your device for a set period even after you close the browser. Like a loyalty card that remembers your preferences between visits. Phishing Security & Privacy A trick where someone pretends to be a trusted company or person — like your bank, CPF Board, or the police — to steal your passwords or personal details. It usually comes as a fake SMS, email, or phone call. Like a fisherman casting bait to catch fish. The scammer sends a fake message hoping you will click the link. In Singapore, watch out for fake 'CPF' or 'IRAS' SMS messages asking you to log in. PIN Security & Privacy A short secret number used for security. Like a combination lock code. Pinch to Zoom Apps & Software Placing two fingers on the screen and spreading them apart to zoom in, or pinching together to zoom out. Like stretching or compressing dough — your fingers control the size. Ping Internet Basics A measure of how quickly data travels from your device to a server and back, usually measured in milliseconds. Like calling out and timing how long it takes to hear an echo. Pinned Message Communication A message in a chat that is marked as important so it stays visible at the top, even as new messages come in. Like tacking an important notice on a bulletin board above all the other notices. Pinned Tab Internet Basics A tab in your browser that is fixed in place and stays open even when you close other tabs. Like keeping an important book open on your desk with a paperweight so it stays in place. Platform Social Media A digital service or application that provides the infrastructure for users to create, share, and interact with content. Like a shopping mall — it provides the space and services; the shops and customers are the users. Podcast Apps & Software An audio program available online. Like a radio show you can listen to anytime. Pop-Up Internet Basics A small window that appears on your screen. Like someone interrupting a conversation. Pop-Up Blocker Internet Basics A browser feature that stops unwanted pop-up windows from appearing while you browse. Like a doorman who turns away uninvited guests before they can knock. Ports Devices & Hardware Physical sockets on a device used to connect cables and accessories. Like the plug sockets around your home — each type accepts a specific plug. Post Social Media Content shared online. Like pinning a notice on a community board. Power Bank Devices & Hardware A portable battery that stores charge to recharge your phone or other devices when you are away from a power socket. Like a spare fuel canister for your phone. Predictive Text AI & New Tech A feature that suggests the next word as you type, based on context and your past writing habits. Like a friend who knows you so well they can finish your sentences. Price Comparison Site Payments & Shopping A website that shows you the same product from multiple sellers side by side so you can find the cheapest option. Like checking multiple market stalls for the best price on the same item. Principle of Least Privilege Security & Privacy Giving users only the minimum access they need to do their job, reducing security risk. Like giving staff only the keys to their own office — not the whole building. Privacy Policy Security & Privacy A document explaining what personal data an app or website collects, how it uses it, and who it shares it with. Like a building's rules posted at the entrance — you should read them before going in. Private Account Social Media A social media profile where only approved followers can see your posts. Like having a gated garden — only people you invite can see inside. Processor (CPU) Devices & Hardware The main chip inside a computer or phone that carries out instructions and runs programmes. Like the brain of your device — the faster it is, the quicker your device works. Productivity App Apps & Software An application designed to help you organise tasks, manage time, and get things done more efficiently. Like a very organised personal assistant that lives in your phone. Profile Social Media Your personal page on a website or app. Like your introduction card. Profile Picture Social Media The image representing you on social media and other online platforms. Like a photo on a name badge at an event. Progressive Web App (PWA) Internet Basics A website that behaves like a native app — can be added to your home screen and works offline. Like a website that moves into your phone and acts like a proper app. Promo Code Payments & Shopping A code entered at checkout to receive a discount on your purchase. Like a coupon clipped from a flyer applied to your bill. Prompt AI & New Tech The instruction or question you give to an AI tool to tell it what you want it to do. Like writing a clear brief for an employee — the better the instructions, the better the result. Public Facial Recognition AI & New Tech Using cameras and AI in public spaces to identify individuals automatically. Like a security guard who can instantly recognise everyone who enters a building. Push Notification Communication A message sent from an app to your device even when the app is not open. Like a text from a shop saying your order is ready, even when you're not in the shop. QR Code Payments & Shopping A square barcode that you can scan with your phone to quickly open a website, make a payment, or get information. Like a shortcut that takes you directly to where you want to go. QR Payment Payments & Shopping Paying by scanning a QR code. Like showing a digital payment voucher. QR Scanner Devices & Hardware The camera function on a phone that reads QR codes and interprets the information in them. Like a barcode reader at a supermarket, but built into your phone camera. Quantum Computing AI & New Tech An advanced type of computing that uses quantum physics to solve complex problems far faster than traditional computers. Like comparing a bicycle to a supersonic jet — quantum computers handle certain problems at an entirely different scale. RAM (Random Access Memory) Devices & Hardware Temporary memory your device uses to run programmes actively — more RAM means it can do more things at once without slowing down. Like the size of your desk — a bigger desk means more files open at once. Ransomware Security & Privacy A type of malware that locks your files or device and demands payment to restore access. Like someone changing the locks on your own home and demanding money for the new key. RCS (Rich Communication Services) Communication An upgrade to SMS that adds features like read receipts, typing indicators, and high-quality photo sharing. Like upgrading from sending postcards to using a full messaging app, but through your phone's standard text service. Reach Social Media The number of unique people who saw a piece of content. Like counting how many different households received a flyer rather than total flyers sent. Read Receipt Communication A notification that tells the sender when their message has been opened and read. Like getting a signed confirmation that your letter was received and opened. Recommendation Engine AI & New Tech An AI system that suggests content, products, or services based on your past behaviour and preferences. Like a friend who knows your tastes perfectly and always knows what to suggest next. Recovery Email Communication A backup email used to regain account access. Like an emergency spare key. Recurring Payment Payments & Shopping A regular automatic payment charged at set intervals, like a monthly subscription. Like a standing order that pays a bill automatically each month. Red Team Security & Privacy A group that acts as simulated attackers to test an organisation's security defences. Like hiring actors to attempt a robbery so you can test how well your security team responds. Redirect Internet Basics Automatically sending visitors from one web address to another. Like a forwarding address that sends mail to your new home. Reel Social Media A short vertical video format on Instagram or Facebook, typically up to 90 seconds. Like a bite-sized TV clip designed for quick viewing on a phone. Refresh Internet Basics Reloading a webpage to see updated information. Like checking the notice board again for new updates. Refresh Rate Devices & Hardware How many times per second your screen updates the image, measured in Hz — higher means smoother motion. Like how many frames per second a film shows — more frames means smoother movement. Refund Payments & Shopping Money returned to you after cancelling a purchase or returning a faulty item. Like getting change back after returning something to a shop. Remote Patient Monitoring AI & New Tech Using devices to track a patient's health data at home and send it to a healthcare provider. Like a nurse remotely reading your vital signs without visiting. Reply All Communication Responding to an email so that every person who received the original message gets your reply. Like answering a question in a group meeting so everyone hears the answer. Report Social Media Flagging content or an account to the platform as violating the rules. Like filing a complaint with a shop manager about inappropriate behaviour. Responsible AI AI & New Tech The practice of developing AI that is fair, transparent, safe, and accountable. Like professional ethics in medicine — great power must come with equally great care and accountability. Responsive Design Internet Basics A website design approach that adapts the layout automatically to fit any screen size. Like a water that fills any container it is poured into. Restore from Backup Apps & Software Recovering your phone's data, apps, and settings from a previously saved backup. Like using a spare key to reopen your home after losing the original. Restore Purchases Apps & Software A feature in apps that reinstates paid content or subscriptions on a new device. Like presenting a receipt to claim goods you have already paid for. Right to Be Forgotten Security & Privacy The right under data protection laws to request that a company delete your personal data. Like asking a library to remove all records of your borrowing history. Robot AI & New Tech A machine that can carry out a complex series of actions automatically, often programmable. Like a tireless mechanical worker programmed to repeat tasks precisely. Router Internet Basics A device that shares internet access with your devices. Like a traffic controller directing vehicles. RSS Feed Internet Basics A format that delivers updates from websites directly to you without needing to visit each site. Like having your favourite newspapers delivered to your door automatically. Sandbox Apps & Software An isolated environment where software runs without affecting the rest of the device. Like a children's sandpit — what happens inside stays inside and cannot mess up the garden. Save Post Social Media Bookmarking a social media post so you can find it again later. Like tearing out a magazine page to keep for reference. Scam Security & Privacy A dishonest attempt to trick people into giving money or information. Like a con artist pretending to be trustworthy. Screen Lock Devices & Hardware The security feature that locks your phone screen after a period of inactivity, requiring a PIN, password, or biometric to unlock. Like the automatic locking mechanism on a front door after you step inside. Screen Resolution Devices & Hardware The number of pixels on a screen — higher resolution means a sharper, more detailed image. Like the difference between a painting with a million tiny dots versus one with a thousand — more dots means more detail. Screen Sharing Communication Showing your screen to others during a call. Like projecting your computer onto a wall. Screen Timeout Devices & Hardware The amount of time your phone waits before automatically turning off the display to save battery. Like lights on a timer that turn off after you leave a room. Screenshot Devices & Hardware A picture of what is currently on your screen. Like taking a photograph of your display. Screenshot Tool Apps & Software A feature or app that lets you capture what is on your screen and save it as an image. Like taking a photograph of whatever is displayed in front of you. SD Card (Memory Card) Devices & Hardware A small removable card that provides extra storage for cameras, phones, and other devices. Like a portable filing card slot you can move between devices. Search Bar Internet Basics A box where you type what you want to find. Like asking a question at an information desk. Search Engine Internet Basics A service that helps you find information online. Like a librarian helping you find a book. Search Operator Internet Basics Special commands typed into a search engine to refine results, like using quotes for exact phrases or site: to search one website. Like using advanced filters when searching a database. Search Result Internet Basics A webpage shown by a search engine in response to your query. Like a recommendation from a librarian in response to your question. Security Audit Security & Privacy A formal review of an organisation's security measures and policies. Like an annual inspection of a building to check that all safety measures are in order. Security Question Security & Privacy A personal question set up during account registration, used to verify your identity if you forget your password. Like a secret code phrase known only to you, used as a backup key. SEO (Search Engine Optimisation) Internet Basics The practice of improving a website so it appears higher in search engine results. Like arranging a shop front and signage so more people walking past notice it. Server Internet Basics A computer that provides information to other devices. Like a restaurant kitchen serving many customers. Service Unavailable (503) Internet Basics An error shown when a server is temporarily unable to handle requests, often due to maintenance or overload. Like a shop with a "Closed for stocktake" sign — temporarily unavailable, not gone for good. Session Cookie Internet Basics A temporary cookie deleted as soon as you close your browser. Like a visitor pass that expires when you leave the building. Session Token Security & Privacy A temporary code given to your browser after logging in that keeps you signed in without re-entering your password on every page. Like a wristband at an event that lets you re-enter without showing your ticket each time. SGQR Payments & Shopping Singapore's unified QR code standard that combines multiple payment schemes into one QR code. Like one universal plug adapter that works with every payment method. Shadowban Social Media Reducing the visibility of a user's content without telling them, so their posts reach fewer people. Like speaking in a meeting but having your microphone quietly turned down so fewer people hear you. Share Social Media Reposting someone else's content so your own followers can see it. Like photocopying a leaflet and passing it on to friends. Share Button Social Media A button that lets you forward content to your own followers or send it directly to someone. Like a forward button on email — it sends the content to more people. Shopping Cart Payments & Shopping A virtual basket on an e-commerce website where you add items before proceeding to payment. Like a real supermarket trolley — collect items and pay at checkout. Sign in with Social Media Social Media Using your existing social media account (like Facebook or Google) to log in to a different app or website. Like using your company ID card to access a partner building. Signal Strength Internet Basics A measure of how strong your network connection is. Like how clearly you can hear a radio station. SIM Card Devices & Hardware A small chip inserted into a phone that identifies your account with the mobile network and enables calls, SMS, and data. Like a passport for your phone on the mobile network. SIM Swap Scam Security & Privacy A scam where a criminal convinces your telco to transfer your phone number to their SIM card, allowing them to receive your OTPs. Like someone convincing the post office to redirect all your mail to their address. Smart City AI & New Tech A city that uses digital technology and data to improve services, transport, safety, and quality of life. Like a city where the infrastructure thinks for itself — adjusting traffic lights, managing energy, and anticipating needs. Smart Contract AI & New Tech A self-executing agreement stored on a blockchain where the terms are written in code. Like a vending machine — put in the right coin and the item is automatically released, no middleman needed. Smart Grid AI & New Tech An electricity network that uses digital technology to monitor and adjust supply and demand efficiently. Like a traffic management system for electricity — automatically redirecting power where it is needed. Smart Home Devices & Hardware Household devices connected to the internet and controlled digitally. Like having a home assistant helping manage your house. Smart Speaker Devices & Hardware A voice-activated speaker that can answer questions, play music, control smart home devices, and set reminders. Like a helpful assistant that lives in a small cylinder on your shelf. Smart TV Devices & Hardware A television that can connect to the internet. Like combining a TV and a computer. Smartwatch Devices & Hardware A watch with features similar to a smartphone. Like a tiny phone worn on your wrist. SMS (Short Message Service) Communication Standard text messages sent between mobile phones via the phone network. Like a short written note delivered by the telephone network. Social Engineering Security & Privacy Manipulation tactics used by scammers to trick people into revealing information or taking harmful actions. Like a con artist who talks their way past security rather than breaking in. Social Media Social Media Websites and apps where people share content and communicate. Like a large community notice board. Social Proof Social Media The influence that seeing others approve of something has on your own decision to trust or use it. Like choosing a restaurant because there is already a queue outside. Software Update Apps & Software A newer version of software with fixes and improvements. Like servicing your car regularly. Spam Communication Unwanted emails, messages, or advertisements. Like junk flyers stuffed into your mailbox. Spam Filter Communication A tool that automatically detects unwanted messages. Like a guard sorting junk mail from important mail. Speaker Devices & Hardware A device that plays sound. Like a loud voice coming from a box. Speech Recognition AI & New Tech Technology that converts spoken words into text, used in voice assistants and transcription tools. Like a very fast typist who transcribes everything you say in real time. Split Bill Payments & Shopping Dividing the cost of a shared expense among multiple people, often facilitated by a payment app. Like dividing a restaurant bill equally among friends. Sponsored Result Internet Basics A search result that appears at the top because the website paid to be shown there. Like a paid advertisement placed at the front of a directory listing. Spyware Security & Privacy Software secretly installed on a device to collect information about the user without their knowledge. Like a hidden microphone in a room recording everything without the occupant knowing. SSD (Solid State Drive) Devices & Hardware A faster, more durable type of storage that uses memory chips instead of moving parts. Like replacing a spinning record player with a flash drive — faster and no moving parts. SSL Certificate Security & Privacy A digital certificate that enables HTTPS on a website, verifying its identity and encrypting the connection. Like an official identity badge that proves who you are and that the connection is secure. Stablecoin Payments & Shopping A type of cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable value, often pegged to a real currency like the US dollar. Like a digital token always worth one dollar — designed to avoid the wild price swings of other cryptocurrencies. Stalkerware Security & Privacy Software secretly installed on a device to monitor someone's messages, location, and activities. Like a hidden tracking device placed in someone's bag without their knowledge. Storage Devices & Hardware The space used to save files on a device. Like cupboards in a house. Story (Social Media) Social Media A photo or short video that disappears after 24 hours, available on platforms like Instagram and Facebook. Like a notice board that clears itself every day. Streaming Internet Basics Watching or listening to content over the internet without downloading it. Like water flowing from a tap when needed. Streaming Quality (SD / HD / 4K) Internet Basics The resolution at which video is streamed — SD is standard definition, HD is high definition, and 4K is ultra-sharp. Like choosing between a standard print, a large glossy print, and a wall-sized photograph. Strong Password Security & Privacy A password that is long, uses a mix of letters, numbers, and symbols, and is unique to one account. Like a complex, unique lock that is very difficult to pick. Stylus Devices & Hardware A pen-shaped tool used to write or draw on a touchscreen with greater precision than a finger. Like a digital pen for your tablet or phone. Subdomain Internet Basics A prefix added before a domain name to create a separate section of a website, like help.example.com. Like different departments in a building — same address but different doors. Subscriber Social Media Someone who signs up to receive content from a specific creator or channel. Like a loyal reader who subscribes to a magazine to receive every issue. Subscription Apps & Software A service you pay for regularly to continue using. Like a magazine delivered every month. Subscription Fatigue Payments & Shopping The feeling of being overwhelmed by having too many paid subscriptions. Like signing up for too many clubs and not having time or money for all of them. Support Chatbot Communication An automated chatbot that answers common customer questions before connecting you to a human. Like pressing numbers on a phone menu to route your call — automated first, human later. Swipe Gesture Apps & Software Moving your finger across the touchscreen to navigate, delete, or scroll. Like brushing crumbs off a table to clear content, or turning a page in a book. Sync Internet Basics Keeping information the same across devices. Like updating several copies of the same notebook. Sync Settings Apps & Software A feature that keeps your preferences and data the same across all your devices automatically. Like having your reading glasses prescription updated in all your pairs at once. System App Apps & Software An app that comes pre-installed on your device by the manufacturer and is essential to how it runs. Like the fittings in a new flat — they were there when you moved in and the flat needs them to function. Tablet Devices & Hardware A flat, portable touchscreen device larger than a phone but smaller than a laptop, used for browsing, reading, and light work. Like a digital notepad you can also use to watch videos and browse the internet. Tag Social Media Linking a person, place, or topic in a social media post so it is associated with them. Like writing a name on the back of a photo so people know who is in it. Teleconference Communication A meeting conducted over a phone or internet connection between three or more people in different locations. Like a conference call where everyone joins a shared line from wherever they are. Telehealth Communication Healthcare services delivered remotely using technology, such as video consultations with a doctor. Like a house call but delivered through a screen instead of in person. Telemedicine AI & New Tech Receiving medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment remotely using technology. Like a doctor's consultation conducted through a video call instead of in person. Terms of Service Security & Privacy A legal agreement between a user and a company describing the rules for using their service. Like a rental agreement — by using the service you agree to the conditions. Text-to-Speech AI & New Tech Technology that converts written text into spoken audio. Like having someone read a document aloud to you on demand. The Cloud Internet Basics A way to store your files and photos on the internet instead of only on your own device. You can reach them from any phone, tablet, or computer. Think of it like a safe deposit box at a Singapore bank. Your things are kept safe somewhere else, and you can get to them whenever you need to — even from overseas. Third-Party App Apps & Software An app made by a company other than the maker of your phone or operating system. Like a non-brand item in a supermarket — not made by the supermarket but sold there. Third-Party Cookie Internet Basics A cookie placed by a company other than the website you are visiting, used to track you across different sites. Like a third party following you from shop to shop and noting everything you look at. Threat Actor Security & Privacy Any person or group responsible for a cyber attack or security incident. Like identifying who broke into a house — it could be an opportunistic burglar or an organised gang. Threat Intelligence Security & Privacy Information about current cyber threats shared between organisations to help defend against them. Like a neighbourhood watch group sharing news about local break-ins. Timeline Social Media A chronological record of your posts and activities displayed on your social media profile. Like a personal diary visible to others, showing what you shared and when. Tokenisation (Finance) AI & New Tech Converting rights to an asset into a digital token on a blockchain. Like issuing share certificates for a building so many people can each own a small piece. Torrent Internet Basics A method of downloading files by sharing small pieces from many users simultaneously rather than from one central server. Like assembling a puzzle where each contributor sends you different pieces simultaneously. Touch 'n Go eWallet Payments & Shopping A Malaysian e-wallet app used for payments, transfers, and other everyday digital transactions. Like keeping spending money in a phone app that can be used in many places. Touchscreen Devices & Hardware A screen that responds when you touch it. Like pressing buttons directly on a display. Trackpad (Touchpad) Devices & Hardware The flat, touch-sensitive surface on a laptop used to move the cursor instead of a mouse. Like a tiny touch-sensitive dance floor for your fingertips. Training Data AI & New Tech The large collection of information used to teach an AI model how to perform a task. Like the textbooks and examples a student studies before sitting an exam. Transaction Fee Payments & Shopping A small charge applied to certain types of payment transactions. Like a toll on a road — a small cost for using the payment infrastructure. Trending Social Media Topics or content that many people are currently talking about or engaging with. Like the most popular topic of conversation at a party. Trojan (Trojan Horse) Security & Privacy Malware disguised as a legitimate programme that secretly causes harm once installed. Like a gift box that looks harmless but contains something dangerous inside. Troll Social Media A person who deliberately posts provocative or offensive comments online to upset others. Like someone who attends a community meeting only to cause arguments, not to contribute. Trusted Device Security & Privacy A device you have previously verified for login so you are not asked for a second factor every time you use it. Like your own home — once you have proved you live there, you don't need to show ID every time you enter. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) Security & Privacy A security step that asks you to prove who you are in two ways — usually your password plus a code sent to your phone. It makes your accounts much harder to break into. Like needing both your door key and a secret knock to get inside your home. Two-Step Verification Security & Privacy An extra layer of security that requires a second confirmation — like a code sent to your phone — after entering your password. Like a bank vault that requires both a key and a PIN — two things needed to get in. Typing Indicator Communication The animated dots or text (usually "..." or "typing...") that appear when someone is composing a reply. Like seeing someone pick up a pen to write back before you receive their reply. Typosquatting Security & Privacy Creating a fake website with an address very similar to a real one, hoping users make a typing mistake and land there. Like opening a fake shop next to a famous brand using a very similar name. UI (User Interface) Apps & Software Everything you can see and interact with on a screen — buttons, menus, colours, and layouts. Like the dashboard and controls of a car — what you see and touch to operate the system. Unfollow Social Media Stopping receiving updates from someone you previously followed without removing them as a friend. Like cancelling a magazine subscription — they still exist but you stop receiving their content. Uninstall Apps & Software Removing an app from your device. Like taking a book off your shelf permanently. Unknown Caller Communication A call where the caller's number is hidden or not recognised by your phone. Like a knock at the door from someone you cannot see through the peephole. Update Notification Apps & Software An alert telling you a new version of an app or system is available. Like a letter in the post saying a new edition of something you use is now available. UPI Payments & Shopping India's instant payment system that lets people send or receive money quickly using a mobile app, phone number, or payment ID. Like handing over cash instantly, but through your banking app. Upload Internet Basics Sending a file from your device to the internet. Like posting a letter into a mailbox. URL Internet Basics The web address of a website. Like the address of a house. URL Shortener Internet Basics A service that converts a long website address into a much shorter one. Like giving someone your building's nickname instead of the full postal address. USB Drive (Thumb Drive) Devices & Hardware A small portable storage device that plugs into a USB port to transfer or store files. Like a very small, lightweight filing cabinet you can carry in your pocket. USB Port Devices & Hardware A rectangular socket on your device used to connect cables, chargers, mice, keyboards, and memory sticks. Like a universal power and data socket that works with dozens of different accessories. USB-C Devices & Hardware A modern, reversible USB connector used for charging and data transfer on most new devices. Like a universal key that works the same way regardless of which side faces up. Username Security & Privacy A name that identifies you on a website or app. Like your name tag at an event. UX (User Experience) Apps & Software How easy, enjoyable, and effective it is to use an app or website. Like the overall feeling of driving a car — comfort, ease of use, and how intuitive the controls are. Verified Badge Social Media A checkmark shown on a social media profile confirming the account belongs to a genuine public figure or organisation. Like an official stamp on a document certifying it is authentic. Version Number Apps & Software A number that identifies which release of an app or software you have installed, such as version 14.2.1. Like an edition number on a book — higher means newer. Vibration Alert Devices & Hardware The physical vibration your phone makes to signal a call, message, or notification without making a sound. Like a tap on the shoulder instead of a shout. Video Call Communication A phone call where you can see each other. Like talking face-to-face through a window. Views Social Media The number of times a video or post has been watched or opened. Like counting how many people stopped to look at a display window. Viral Social Media Content that spreads rapidly across the internet because many people share it. Like a joke that spreads from person to person until everyone has heard it. Virtual Background Communication A digital image or video shown behind you during a video call, replacing your real environment. Like putting up a large scenic photo behind you instead of your actual room. Virtual Reality (VR) AI & New Tech A simulated digital environment experienced through a headset that replaces your view of the real world. Like stepping into a completely different world through a pair of special goggles. Voice Cloning AI & New Tech Using AI to create a digital replica of someone's voice that can say anything. Like making a rubber stamp of someone's signature — it can be used to replicate their mark. Voice Message Communication A recorded audio message sent instead of typing text. Like leaving a voicemail in a messaging app. Voicemail Communication A recorded audio message left by a caller when you do not answer. Like a message left on an answering machine for you to listen to later. VPN (Virtual Private Network) Security & Privacy A service that helps keep your internet activity private and secure. Like travelling through a private tunnel instead of a busy public road. VPN Server Security & Privacy A computer operated by a VPN service that routes your internet traffic, hiding your real location. Like redirecting your mail through a post office in another city so your home address is hidden. Water Resistance Rating (IP Rating) Devices & Hardware A rating indicating how well a device can withstand exposure to water and dust. Like a weather resistance rating for outdoor clothing — it tells you how much protection to expect. Wearable Technology Devices & Hardware Electronic devices designed to be worn on the body, like smartwatches or health-tracking bands. Like clothing that connects to the internet and collects data as you go about your day. Web Address Internet Basics The unique location of a page on the internet, typed into the address bar. Like a postal address, but for a webpage instead of a building. Web Analytics Internet Basics Data collected about how visitors use a website — pages visited, time spent, and actions taken. Like a shop counting how many customers enter, what sections they visit, and what they buy. Web App Internet Basics An application that runs in your browser without needing to be downloaded or installed. Like a tool you borrow at a library counter — you use it there without taking it home. Web Form Internet Basics An online form on a website used to enter and submit information. Like a paper form, but filled in and submitted entirely on screen. Web Hosting Internet Basics A service that stores a website's files on a server so it is accessible to anyone on the internet. Like renting land to build a shop on — the host provides the land, you build the shop. Web Portal Internet Basics A website that brings together many services and information in one place. Like a shopping mall where many shops are under one roof. Web Scraping Internet Basics Automatically collecting data from websites using a programme. Like sending a robot to read every page of a library and note down specific information. Web Standard Internet Basics An agreed technical specification that ensures websites work consistently across all browsers. Like international electrical socket standards — devices work the same way everywhere. Webcam Devices & Hardware A camera connected to a computer. Like a window that lets others see you. Webinar Communication A seminar held over the internet. Like attending a class from your home. Webpage Internet Basics A single page on a website that contains text, images, and links. Like one page in a book — the website is the whole book. Website Internet Basics A collection of webpages available online. Like a digital shop or office. Wi-Fi Internet Basics A way to connect your device to the internet without wires. Your router sends out a wireless signal that your phone, tablet, or laptop picks up. Like a radio station that your devices tune into to get the internet. Wi-Fi Band (2.4GHz / 5GHz) Internet Basics The radio frequency your Wi-Fi uses. 2.4GHz reaches further; 5GHz is faster but shorter range. Like choosing between a long-range but slower radio station and a shorter-range but clearer one. Wi-Fi Password Internet Basics The secret code needed to connect a device to a wireless network. Like the key to a door — only people with the password can enter the network. Widget Apps & Software A small interactive element on your home screen that shows live information — like the weather or calendar. Like a small window in your door that lets you see what's happening without fully opening it. Wireless Charging Devices & Hardware Charging a phone by placing it on a special pad without plugging in a cable. Like placing a key card on a reader — no physical connection needed. Wireless Earbuds Devices & Hardware Small earphones that connect to your phone via Bluetooth with no cable required. Like miniature speakers that sit in your ears without any wires to tangle. Wishlist Payments & Shopping A saved list of products you want to buy or share with others. Like a shopping list you write before a birthday, shared with people who might buy you gifts. Work From Home (WFH) Communication Working at home instead of commuting to an office, enabled by digital communication tools. Like taking the office home — same tasks but in a different location. Worm (Computer Worm) Security & Privacy A type of malware that copies itself and spreads across networks without needing to be attached to a file. Like a virus spreading through a building's ventilation system — no one has to carry it person to person. WWW (World Wide Web) Internet Basics The system of interlinked documents and resources accessible via the internet using browsers. Like a vast library where every book can link to other books on any shelf. Zero-Day Vulnerability Security & Privacy A security flaw in software that is unknown to the developer and has no fix yet, making it especially dangerous. Like a hidden crack in a bank vault's wall that no one knows about yet.